Of Mice and Men The Death of the American Dream free essay sample

The American Dream has always been one of the most prominent ideals in American society. Of Mice and Men was written by Steinbeck in 1937. It focuses on the lives of two men, Lennie and George, as they try to fulfill their own American Dream of owning a small farm. While this seems like an attainable dream in the beginning, Steinbeck chooses instead to destroy this dream utterly with the death of Lennie. Curley’s wife had an American Dream of being an actress, but she was condemned to a life on a farm with a man she doesn’t love. By destroying the American Dreams of Lennie, George, and Curley’s Wife in Of Mice and Men, prove Steinbeck believes that the American Dream is no longer an attainable goal. George and Lennie share an American Dream of owning a farm together. The audience learns of the dream when George tells Lennie about the farm: â€Å"Someday we’re gonna get the jack together and we’re gonna have a little house and a couple and some cows and some pigs- An’ live offa the lan† (15). We will write a custom essay sample on Of Mice and Men: The Death of the American Dream or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The farm they describe would appear to come out of a fairy tale. In this book, proves to be exactly what it is. After Lennie’s death George admits â€Å"-I think I knowed from the very first. I think I knowed we’d never do her. He usta like to hear it so much I got to thinking maybe we would† (93). In this story, Lennie believed in an American dream, and in many ways, he actually became a physical embodiment of the American Dream. As demonstrated by Lennie’s excitement and wholehearted belief that it would occur. He believed that he and George were different because they work together, exemplified in the text: â€Å"With us it ain’t like that. With us we got a future! †(15). Lennie and George possessed undying belief in the American Dream. However, through the death of Lennie, the dream of owning a farm died. This helps to prove that Lennie was a symbolic version of the American Dream. George also contains a symbolic meaning that can be associated with him. George’s embodiment is a representation of the faith the people place in the American dream. This can be proven both by the trust Lennie, who is symbolically the American Dream, places in George, and by the way Lennie needs George to succeed. When George kills Lennie at the end of the novel, Steinbeck symbolically shows that by leaving your American Dream to faith and hard work is no longer something that Americans can do. Curley’s wife also had an American dream that ended in failure. She has the dream of becoming a movie star. She said that she â€Å"coulda been a movie star and have nice clothes and all of that-† (90). She had a tragic story: a young girl with a talent for acting who is forced to live in isolation on a farm married to a man she doesn’t love. This is one of the most blatant allusions to the fact that the American dream is no longer achievable. Her story shows that opportunities are no longer easy to follow, and that society makes it difficult to succeed, especially for women. Steinbeck also supports this conclusion in his Nobel Prize Speech. When he speaks about the duties of authors he says, â€Å"He is charged with exposing our many grievous faults and failures, with dredging up to the light our dark and dangerous dreams for the purpose of improvement† (â€Å"Banquet Speech†). Steinbeck refers to his belief that the American Dream has become a corrupted ideal, and that it is his duty as an author to reveal that to the American public. The phrase â€Å"dark and dangerous dreams† is references that American Dream, which has changed from its originally pristine beliefs into something that has the possibility to destroy. The character of Curley’s Wife is used by Steinbeck to illustrate his point that the American Dream has been corrupted. Throughout the book, Steinbeck uses characters with small roles to help point out his beliefs. He often uses these characters to illustrate his belief in the uncertainty of the American Dream. For example, Slim talks about how he â€Å"ain’t neven seen two guys traveling together before. I don’t know why, maybe everybody in the whole damn world’s just scared of each other† (34). In this passage Steinbeck uses Slim to comment on how two guys traveling together is strange. The reason he gives is that people in the world are scared of each other. This can be related back to the American Dream. For a dream to succeed, you need help. The reason no one’s American Dreams are succeeding is because they don’t receive help from each other. Curley’s Wife never got help to fulfill her dream, so it never succeeded. Steinbeck echoes this sentiment in a part of his Nobel Prize speech, â€Å"Humanity has been passing through a gray and desolate time of confusion† (â€Å"Banquet Speech†). From this quote, Steinbeck is saying that he believes that we are passing through a time without the ability to fulfill dreams. Gray and desolate implies that there are no dreams that exist. Another time a minor character shows Steinbeck’s beliefs about the American Dream is when Crooks and Lennie talk about the farm where Lennie wants to live on with George. Crooks says, â€Å"you’re nuts. I’ve seen hundreds of men come by on the roads an’ on the ranches with their bindles on their backs an’ the same damn thing in their heads† (72). In that line, Steinbeck basically condenses all of his beliefs into one phrase. He states that the American Dream is just a dream, and that those who believe otherwise are deluding themselves. The American Dream began as a simple belief that those on the bottom of society had the potential to move up and become something better. In the book Of Mice and Men, Steinbeck shows that this is no longer the case. He represents this symbolically through Lennie and George’s relationship and outcome. He also proves this with character of Curley’s Wife, by showing that the American dream is hard to gain, even with opportunity, and especially if you don’t have support. Finally, he uses his background characters to make his point with small phrases that warn the characters and the readers of the dangers of the American Dream. By extinguishing Lennie, George’s, and Curley’s Wife’s American Dream, as well as using the sentiment of the minor characters when these dreams are discussed, have shown that Steinbeck believes that the American Dream is no longer an achievable goal in American society.

Ethanol on the heart rate Essays

Ethanol on the heart rate Essays Ethanol on the heart rate Essay Ethanol on the heart rate Essay Effectss of different concentrations of ethyl alcohol on the bosom rate of the H2O flea In this experiment I will be looking at the effects of different concentrations of ethyl alcohol on the bosom rate of the H2O flea, Daphnia because utilizing worlds in a survey to prove the effects of Ethanol on bosom rate would non be ethical. Daphnia, like many animate beings, are prone to alcohol poisoning, and do first-class topics for analyzing the effects of the sedative on the nervous system due to the semitransparent exoskeleton, and the visibly altered bosom rate.Ethanol is a little molecule, RMM of 43, so it crosses cell membranes by simple diffusion. The exoskeleton of Daphnia is non rainproof, so there are no rainproof waxy beds to traverse. The gills are peculiarly thin-walled and optimised for diffusion. They live in assorted aquatic environments runing from acidic swamps to freshwater lakes, pools, watercourses and rivers. They are tolerant of being observed unrecorded under a microscope and look to endure no injury when returned to open H2O. The experiment consists in fixing 5 different environments to set the H2O flea in, and detect how the bosom rate responds to each alteration ; the alteration will be the addition of ethanol concentration % . This will be the independent variable. The dependent variable is the bosom rate of the Daphnia. Hypothesis: Ethanol will diminish the bosom rate of the Daphnia. Null Hypothesis: Ethyl alcohol will hold no consequence on the bosom rate of the Daphnia. I will alter the concentration of my Ethanol solution by dilution and will therefore secret plan a graph. In add-on, a correlativity and ANOVA trial will be calculated to find the relationship ( If any ) between the concentration of Ethanol and the bosom rate of the Daphnia. I have taken into consideration factors that will impact my overall decision Factors: Size of Daphnia The size of the Daphnia will impact its soaking up of Ethanol and besides the metamorphosis of the drug in the liver. Different rates of metamorphosis will ensue in different bosom rates. As a consequence I must guarantee that I choose Daphnia which are the same size when carry oning repetitions. I will utilize a extremely sensitive graduated table to corroborate that both water fleas are of equal organic structure mass. Time kept in ethanol solution The Daphnia must be kept in the Petri dish full of ethanol solution for a specific sum of clip. If they are kept in the solution for excessively long they will go drunk which will ensue in unnatural bosom beats that are difficult to mensurate although they must be kept in the solution long plenty for sufficient soaking up of Ethanol. Each Daphnia will remain in the ethanol solution for precisely 3 proceedingss so that an equal volume of ethyl alcohol is absorbed. Activity of Daphnia Some Daphnia tend to be more active than others and these will hold a higher bosom rate compared to 1s that are idle. After leting the Daphnia to swim in a specific solution of ethyl alcohol I will put them on a pit slide so that I can detect the bosom rate with a microscope. As I will be utilizing a pipette to reassign the Daphnia from the Petri dish to the pit slide extra fluid will be found on the slide which must be removed with tissue so that all Daphnia remain idle/immobile and non active I.e. swimming on the slide. This will besides let me to mensurate the bosom rate with easiness which reduces the likeliness of human mistake. Time left under the microscope If the Daphnia are left under the microscope for excessively long they will go stressed due to the heat of the microscope visible radiation and this will increase the bosom rate of the Daphnia due to the secernment of epinephrine therefore I must guarantee that the microscope is switched off when non in usage. The pit slides must be allowed to chill down earlier utilizing them once more as they tend to heat up. Impurities on pit slide Traces of drosss including ethyl alcohol from a old experiment may be left on the pit slide which may somewhat impact the bosom rate of the Daphnia therefore the slide must be cleaned and dried exhaustively before each repetition. Alternatively, a new slide may be used for each repetition. The stuffs needed to execute this experiment are the undermentioned: Normal size syringe 2 Small panpipes ( must hold units of measuring ) Open top pipette Ethanol of 1 % concentration Assorted Daphnia to execute experiment on Microscope 6 Petri dishes Cavity slide Marker Kleenex tissue for absorbing extra liquid Scale Stopwatch Method: 1. The first thing that has to be done is the readying of the different solutions where the Daphnia will be placed. To make this you will necessitate the little syringe, and 5 Petri dishes. It is really advisable to hold labels. The first Petri dish will incorporate 0 % Ethanol, in other words merely H2O. With a little syringe, take 10 milliliter of distilled H2O ( the usage of distilled H2O is of import as you will be taking any stuffs that may hold an consequence on the Daphnia bosom rate ) and topographic point it in the Petri dish. The syringe you merely used will merely be used with H2O and non for the Ethanol. Put a 0 % label on the Petri dish in order to maintain path of the different concentrations you will be doing. The following Petri dish will incorporate 0.2 % ethanol concentration, and you will do concentrations traveling up to 0.8 % , so: 0.2 % : With the other little syringe ( this 1 will merely be used for ethyl alcohol ) , add 2 milliliter of the 1 % Ethanol, to 8 milliliter of distilled H2O 0.4 % : Add 4 milliliter of the 1 % ethyl alcohol, to 6 milliliter of distilled H2O 0.6 % : Add 6 milliliter of the 1 % ethyl alcohol, to 4 milliliter of distilled H2O 0.8 % : Add 8 milliliter of the 1 % ethyl alcohol, to 2 milliliter of distilled H2O retrieve to label each concentration consequently 2. Put your microscope up, put it on medium magnification. Do non turn it on yet because the visible radiation of the microscope can heat up the environment where you will be detecting the Daphnia. It is of import to seek to maintain the temperature of the experiment every bit stable as possible. Heat may modify the Daphnia bosom rate, and the consequence of heat on the bosom rate is non the intent of this experiment. 3. Now it is clip to pick out one Daphnia from the glass or container where you put all of them in. It is of import to utilize merely one throughout this whole experiment because different animate beings may show fluctuations in their response to different environments. With the unfastened top pipette, seek to pick out a Daphnia which is non excessively little, as it will be harder to detect the bosom rate if it is little. Once you have managed to take one out, topographic point it in the staying empty Petri dish. Take the normal size syringe and really carefully suck the Daphnia in with as least H2O possible. The aim is to hold the Daphnia right at the tip of the syringe. Squirt the Daphnia out into the pit slide. It is really of import to set the Daphnia in with the least H2O possible, in order to forestall it from traveling excessively much. It is recommended to seek to force out it out with merely one bead of H2O, as this will maintain it alive, but immobile. Use tissue to ta ke extra fluid. Put the slide under the microscope. Turn the microscope on. 4. Make certain you can see the Daphnia clearly under the microscope, one time you are happy with the image, look for the bosom: 7 is the bosom. If you can see the bosom, and can maintain path of its whipping, put the Daphnia, with the normal sized, syringe into the 0 % labelled Petri dish. Wash the microscope slide with H2O and dry it. Turn the microscope off. 5. Keep the Daphnia in the Petri dish for 3 proceedingss, this lets it adapt do the conditions and besides increases the chance of it lasting the whole experiment. With the normal size syringe take it out of the Petri dish and set it onto the microscope slide, do certain that it is practically immobile ( by doing certain that you squirted the least sum of H2O possible ) and put it under the microscope. Turn the microscope on. 6. Get the paper and marker ready. Look into the microscope and do certain you can number the bosom round. Get person to number 15 seconds with the halt ticker. During 15 seconds, tap the paper with the marker each clip the bosom beats, after this, number the figure of points on the paper. Multiply this figure by four ; this gives you the bosom rate per minute. Record the consequence. Make this procedure 3 times in order to acquire 3 bosom rates. Add the 3 bosom rates and so split the consequence by 3 ; this will give you the norm of the Daphnia bosom rate under those conditions. Keep the Daphnia under the microscope for a upper limit of 2 proceedingss, because the heat of the visible radiation in the microscope could hold effects on the experiment. Turn the microscope off after the count to forestall farther warming caused by the visible radiation. 7. Remove the slide from the microscope, and with the normal size syringe put the Daphnia into the 0.2 % labelled Petri dish ( rinse the slide with H2O and dry it ) . Leave the Daphnia in the Petri dish for 3 proceedingss one time once more. After 3 proceedingss, use the normal sized syringe to set it onto the microscope slide. Repeat measure 6 and record consequences. 8. Count the bosom rate of the Daphnia when placed in all the concentrations. Work your manner up from 0 % to 0.2 % to 0.4 % , 0.6 % , 0.8 % . Make certain you rinse and dry the slide with the distilled H2O after each clip. You must get down from the lowest concentration up to the highest concentration because the Daphnia has to bit by bit accommodate to the alterations, you will be cut downing the chance of it deceasing. Another ground for this is that if you start at the highest concentration, the impact on the Daphnia will be excessively dramatic and you will non see any tendencies one time you try a lower concentration, it will hold an consequence of poisoning . Remember to reiterate each count 3 times to obtain an norm of the bosom rate. Keep the Daphnia under the microscope during the same sum of clip for each concentration, this will guarantee that if there was any type of consequence from the visible radiation under the microscope, all trials will be just because they were under the exact same conditions. It is possible for the Daphnia to decease during these trials ; this is why you must hold acquired a just sum of Daphnia, in order to hold back-ups. 9. Repeat this experiment one time or twice with different Daphnia, in this manner you will be able to analyze any tendencies present in the experiment more accurately. I will utilize the undermentioned tabular arraies to enter the consequences of this experiment: Averages will be calculated for both experiments and the consequences will be organised in a separate tabular array. My decision will be based on these norms because they are more representative. Alterations made to method: The Daphnia used in the first experiment died after being placed on the pit slide from the 0.6 % ethanol solution likely due to the deficiency of fluid on the slide so I had to re-start the experiment utilizing another Daphnia. No 1 was available to number 15 seconds with a stop watch so I had to utilize my Mobile phone which beeped after 15 seconds motivating me stop numbering the figure of bosom beats. Consequences

Top 10 Italian Pronunciation Mistakes

Top 10 Italian Pronunciation Mistakes    Learn to speak your best Italian by avoiding these 10 common mistakes all beginners tend to make. 1. Mumbling It might sound obvious if you want to make yourself heard, but you must open your mouth in order to speak Italian. Native English speakers, accustomed to a language that doesnt have the big, round, vowel sounds common in Italian, should remember to open wide and enunciate. 2. Consonants that Count Twice Being able to (and hear the difference, too) is imperative. The Italian language doesnt waste letters; as a phonetic language, it’s spoken the way it’s written. So if a word contains double consonants (cassa, nonno, pappa, serra), you can assume both are pronounced- the meaning changes depending on whether a particular consonant is doubled. If youre unsure how to pronounce i consonanti doppie (), try pronouncing it twice or holding it for an extra beat. 3. Third-to-Last Verbs As with most Italian words, when pronouncing the various conjugated verb forms of the stress falls on the next-to-last syllable. The one exception is the third-person plural form, in which the stress falls on the third-to-last syllable (words in which the accent falls on the third-to-last syllable are known as parole sdrucciole). 4. One in a Million Ask a beginner (or even an intermediate) Italian language learner to pronounce terms such as figlio, pagliacci, garbuglio, glielo, and consigli and often their first reaction is a look of bewilderment: the dreaded gli combination! Even the short-cut explanation that in Italian gli is pronounced like lli in the English word million often doesnt help (nor do other technical descriptions about how to pronounce gli improve the long odds of mastery). Perhaps the most effective way to learn how to pronounce gli is to listen and repeat until it becomes second nature. Remember, though, even Michelangelo was a beginner once. 5. MonDAY to FriDAY Except for Saturday and Sunday, the days of the week in Italian are pronounced with the accent on the last syllable. Theyre even written that way to remind speakers, e.g., lunedà ¬ (Monday), how to pronounce them. But too frequently, non-native speakers ignore the accent and persist in placing the accent on the first (or other) syllable. Dont shortchange the giorni feriali (workdays)- the accent marks the stressed vowel of a word in Italian. 6. On a Roll If you can relate to the following statements, it should be obvious what troubles many who are learning to speak Italian: After several years of studying Italian I’m still unable to pronounce the letter RI would very much like to learn how to roll my Rs when I speak or sing ItalianDoes anyone have any tips on how to learn to roll your Rs? No matter how good my vocabulary or accent gets, this is a dead giveaway that Im a foreigner! Learning how to pronounce the letter r is a struggle for many, but remember: rrrrruffles have rrrrridges! 7. Italian Surnames Everyone knows how to pronounce their last name, right? In fact, posts on the About.com Italian Language forums such as how do I pronounce my last name Cangialosi? are common. Since surnames are obviously a point of pride, its not hard to understand why families would insist on pronouncing them a certain way. But second- and third-generation Italian Americans who have little or no knowledge of Italian are often unaware of how to correctly pronounce their last names, resulting in anglicized versions that bear little resemblance to the original form. When in doubt, ask a native Italian. 8. Its brus-KET-ta Dont correct me when I order. Too often, wait staff at Italian-American restaurants in the U.S. (and diners as well) dont know how to pronounce the word. In Italian, there is only one way to pronounce the letter c when followed by an h- as the English k. 9. The Morning Espresso Down that small cup of very strong coffee and jump on board the fast train to make an early morning meeting. But be sure to order an espresso from the barista, since an express(o) is a train. Its a common mistake heard everywhere, even on printed signs and menus. 10. Media Misinformation Advertising is pervasive nowadays, and because of its influence, it’s a common source of difficulty in pronouncing Italian. Jingles and taglines frequently mangle Italian words and Italian pronunciation beyond recognition, and brand-naming consultants invent pseudo-Italian names for products. Imitate at your own risk.

Blue Ocean Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Blue Ocean Strategy - Essay Example The overall concept of Blue Ocean Strategy is innovation. It is understood from the book that companies should identify, plan a strategy and create a business of which no competition exists. Kim and Renee (2005)2 divide the competitive business world into two segments of Red Ocean and Blue Ocean. It is further explained that 'Red Ocean' is the business world full of competition where the existing organizations compete with each other to acquire its share in the market whereas 'Blue Ocean' is the unidentified market area. The Blue Ocean is the space wherein the business is new in the market and has no threat of competition instead it has to create competition. The giants of particular commodity or product or services, who are termed as leader, find it difficult to survive in the competitive world of business without marketing. American Marketing Association has defined marketing as the performance of the business activities that direct the flow of goods and services from producer to consumer or user. Marketing assists in identifying specific markets for products and services, guiding the development of products, packages, and services, etc. (Kumar)3 In blue ocean strategy this concept has a new meaning and a new method to implement in the firms. Blue ocean marketing concept proposes a method based on the segmented target group and the product development and marketing is based on the conduct of this group. The concept is good but cannot be fitted with all firms and their marketing procedures as it lack competition, which is vital in the marketing concept. (Kim and Renee, 2005)4 Marketing Strategy David (2007)5 states that creating a marketing strategy is only the first step towards the attainment of goal and after the strategy has been built; its solidarity has to be maintained to attract external stakeholders. He criticizes the marketing directors who are using B2B model while the others in the market have adopted real and valuable marketing strategies. The first principle of blue ocean strategy is to reconstruct market boundaries to create blue oceans so that it doesn't face any level of competitions and existence of competitors is zero. In order to create Blue Ocean, it becomes necessary to identify the threats and difficulties that make Red Ocean such a difficult world to live in. The red ocean companies are trapped in this area due to following reasons, 1) they define their industry similar to which exists in the market and try to provide the best other than others, 2) they try to and follow the strategic accepted methods, models, principles of developed and successful companies and strive to stand out in their strategic group, 3) as they produce similar products and provide service similar to that of the other industry, they focus the same consumer, which further makes the competition stiff and harder, 4) they define the scope of products and services similarly, 5) they accept the rules and regulations of the specific industry as they are governed by the governing body and functions accordingly and 6) some seasonal products produced by the companies will face stiff competition from its rivals as all the companies will

Indra Nooyi the Current CEO of PepsiCo Research Paper

Indra Nooyi the Current CEO of PepsiCo - Research Paper Example She launched her vision for the company with the motto â€Å"Performance with Purpose†, using her vast experience to promote a culture of change within the company. This has proved an integral strategy that will define her legacy, while her vision has significantly narrowed the company’s path for the foreseeable future (Annapoorna, 2011). Indra Nooyi has positively mastered various emotional intelligence competencies, including trustworthiness, adaptability, initiative, empathy, service orientation, and organizational awareness to succeed, which will be the focus of this paper. Indra Nooyi has proven to be a trustworthy leader with a real purpose and vision that her employees can believe in. While she is accountable ultimately to the shareholders at PepsiCo, it has been evident that she does not pander to Wall Street and is very clear about her goal to transform PepsiCo to a provider of healthy food and away from being a snack food firm (Cook & Glass, 2014). She has made this known through the prioritization of the environment, consumers, and her employees, considering a profit later, which has not been lost on her employees and management. The â€Å"Performance with Purpose† mission has formed the foundation for trust with her employees through its human sustainability, talent sustainability, and environmental sustainability aspects. By generating and balancing profits without loss of focus on her vision, the employees feel that the company has a secure future. This has also ensured that the employees focus on the company’s future and balance it with accountabilities and performance. Nooyi has given the employees a sense of purpose in knowing that they are making a difference while putting their future in the CEO’s hands for the future (Cook & Glass, 2014).  

Odysseus Characterization Paper Essay Example for Free

Odysseus Characterization Paper Essay In The Odyssey, the protagonist is a leader named Odysseus who goes on a journey with his crew to get back home to Ithaka from Troy, after the trojan war. In the epic poem, The Odyssey, the poet Homer, suggests that Odysseus is a superior leader which is revealed by Odysseuss, bravery, intelligence, and perseverance. Odysseuss bravery sets himself apart from other leaders. Odysseus has to display an example to his crew by inspiring them with his fearlessness. Odysseus illustrates his grit when he forces his crew to carry on with going to the underworld: â€Å"We must go/ to the cold homes of death and pale Persephone/ to hear Teiresias tell of time to come/ They felt so stricken, upon hearing this, / they sat down wailing loud, and tore their hair/But nothing came of giving way to grief/ Down to the shore the ship at last we went. † Homer 10. 623-625 . Odysseus showcases his hardiness when his crew does not want to go to the Underworld, but Odysseus presses on, while knowing that lost and terrifying souls await him. Odysseus’s fortitude spreads throughout his crew, if he is scared, his followers also feel fear. Without courage the team can not get home to Ithaka. In order to achieve his goal, the Odysseus needs to speak with Teiresias. Also Odysseus displays his fearlessness when he is trapped in the Kyklopss cave: â€Å"’Now, by the gods, I drove my big hand spike/ deep in the embers, charring it again,/ and cheered my men along with battle talk/ to keep their courage up: no quitting now/†(Homer 9. 06-409) . Odysseus exhibited superb pluck when executing his plan of blinding the Kyklops Had Odysseus not led his people by bravely heading the attack, his words would have meant nothing to the crew. For a leader to be â€Å"brave† he does not only have to be able do the impossible by himself, but he must also influence the people around him to continue on by his side. To be an epic leader intelligence is necessary. One can be brave, but without wit his courage may result in a poor decision. Odysseus uses his intellect to strategically send only three members of his crew to explore the land of the lotuss: â€Å"then I sent two picked men and a runner to learn what race of men that land sustained† (Homer 9. 96-97). Odysseus knows that is the inhabitants are hostile he can lose his entire team, but this way he potentially risks only a fraction of his men. Decisions made by a leader without acuity are futile and may prove harmful to his constituents. Furthermore, Odysseus exemplifies his intelligence when instead of mindlessly slaughtering the suitors, he creates a plan to overcome the fact that he is outnumbered: â€Å"’Put aside two broadswords and two spears/ for our own to use, two oxhide shields nearby/ when we go into action. Pallas Athena, and Zeus All Provident will see you through, bemusing our young friends† (Homer 16. 352-358). Odysseus comes up with the plan to prepare weaponry for himself to ensure he had enough to destroy the suitors, while at the same time making sure the suitors do not acquire arms themselves. Although Odysseus wants to annihilate the suitors he keeps his motives in sight and manages to formulate the plan. The analytical ability to act in a difficult situation is essential for a good leader because the environment is ever changing and sometimes rapid decisions must be made. In the end Odysseuss scheme succeeds to provide arms for him and his accomplices, but the suitors are still able to gain weapons. Without perspicacity strength and bravery are nothing. What sets Odysseus apart from other Greek heroes is that he prefers to fight with his brain rather than with his brawn. Odysseuss reason also helps him make up for the fact that unlike the other Greek heroes, he does not have immortality. Lastly, Odysseuss perseverance made it possible for him to finally make it home to Ithaka, his persistence effects his crew which looks up to him for guidance. When Odysseus arrives home he describes what he had to endure to his wife Penelope: â€Å"’My lady, / what ordeals have we not endured! Here, waiting/ you had your grief, while my return dragged out-/ my hard adventures, pitting myself against/ the god’s will†¦ But now our life resumes: we’ve come together to our longed-for-bed†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Homer 23. 394-400). Both Odysseus and his wife have to cope with many challenges throughout Odysseuss 20 year absence. Even after his crew perished and he is left shipless, Odysseus does not give up. Likewise, when Odysseus has to sacrifice his men in a fight against Skylla, he grieves for his loss but he understands that he must push on : â€Å"Now I let go with hands and feet, plunging/ straight into the foam beside the timbers, /pulled astride, /and rowed hard with my hands/ to pass by Skylla†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Homer 9. 564-568). Odysseus is forced overboard into the raging ocean, but he continues to hope. After losing his crew and his ship Odysseus never sets the sight of his goal to reach home. If Odysseus gives up when the gods throw everything they have at him, his quest is impossible. Instead of cowering from his fears, Odysseus attacks them head on, thus proving he will not surrender to challenges until his final destination is reached. Due to his bravery, his intelligence, and his perseverance, Odysseus is depicted as a phenomenal leader in the epic poem The Odyssey. Odysseuss courage in the Kyklopss cave makes it possible for him and his crew to escape the beast. Without Odysseuss acumen it would be impossible for him to surpass the many suitors that ravaged his home. Most importantly, Odysseus carries on when all odds are against him. Without his dedication Odysseus would not be able to bypass the formidable monsters that block his path back home. Many modern leaders can take Odysseuss example; for instance, modern day politicians need to endure when tackling challenges that at times may seem unbeatable. The only way to try to make the world a better place is to solve monumental problems that affect out everyday lives, such as unemployment and conservation of our environment. We, the human race as a whole, are Odysseus and we need to challenge the Polyphemus, which the modern problems of our world.

Somerset Maugham Essay -- Biography Biographies Essays

Somerset Maugham Somerset Maugham was born on January 25, 1874 in Paris where his father was the solicitor to the British Embassy. However, he was orphaned at the age of ten and lived with his uncle, the vicar of Whitstable, in England. Maugham was educated in England studying literature and philosophy at Heidelberg University. In 1897 he qualified as a surgeon from St. Thomas’ medical school and practiced for a year in the slums of London. However, he abandoned medicine after the success of his first two novels. Maugham is best known as a successful novelist and playwright, but he never gained serious recognitions for his works. The young author lived in Paris for ten years before publishing his first novel Liza of Lambeth in 1897. His first play A Man of Honour went into production in 1903 and by 1904 four of his plays were running simultaneously in London. The plays were interested with social satire and he was considered an extremely gifted playwright during this time. These early successes provided a foundation for his later works. His semi-auto bibliographical breakthrough novel Of Human Bondage in 1915 is considered one of his best works. The story follows the life of Philip Carey who loses his parents early in life and tracks his progress into early manhood. In 1919, he published the novel Moon and Sixpence that was loosely based on the life and experiences of the painter Paul Gauguin. This French artist rejected the social contracts of European society and departed to Tahiti where his unconventional scenes of Tahitian life captured the interest and imagination of numerous Europeans. Maugh am himself made a trip to Tahiti to become better acquainted with the circumstances surrounding Gauguin’s experienc... ...ajor novels that Maugham wrote. There is also a list of all the works Maugham produced during his lifetime. Knitting Circle Somerset Maugham. South Bank University. 11 November 2002 http://www.sbu.ac.uk/stafflag/wsmaugham.html>. This is a South Bank University page that sums up some major events in Maugham’s life and focuses on the issue of his sexual preference. This page has highlights some key events between Maugham and Gerald Haxton. There is also a short list of Maugham’s works at the end of the page. Annotation: A fabulous reference site including philosophy resource links by historical time period, philosophic subject, tradition, or school of thought. Books: Bronowski, Jacob. The Origins of Knowledge and Imagination. Yale University Press. New Haven: 1978. Everson, Stephen. Epistemology. Cambridge University Press. New York: 1990.

Philippine Artifacts Essay

The Manunggul Jar is evidence of the spirituality of indigenous Filipinos. The Manunggul jar is cultural treasure found in the early 1960’s in Manunggul Cave, Lipuun Point, Palawan which is classified as a secondary burial jar, which means that only the bones of the corpse are placed inside. It has an elaborate design consisting of scrolls and curves on the top cover and is painted with hematite – a type of mineral that produces red coloring once subjected to heat. However, the most remarkable part of the jar is its lid which features two souls sailing to the afterworld in a death boat. The figure at the rear is holding a steering paddle, although the blade of the paddle is missing. The one in front is believed to be the soul of the person whose remains are inside the jar, since it has its arms folded across its chest which was the usual position of a corpse being prepared for burial. It also seems like the figures are wearing cloth bands tied over the crowns of their heads, more evidence of indigenous burial practices in the Philippines. The burial jar which is unrivaled in Southeast Asia and considered as the work of a master potter, signifies the belief of early Filipinos in life after death. It is dated to the late Neolithic Period, about 890-710 B.C. Laguna Copperplate Inscription The Laguna Copperplate Inscription is the oldest written document ever found in the Philippines, and one of very few available artifacts of precolonial times. According to the inscription on the plate, it was written during the Saka era 822 (which translates to April 21, 900 CE). Portions of the inscription are in Malay, Javanese, and Tagalog, as well as Sanskrit, which is not part of the Southeast Asian linguistic group. The copperplate is now in the posession of the National Museum of the Philippines. Inscription The copperplate was a document from a chief of Tundun saying that he has pardoned a person named Namwaran of a debt of 1 kati and 8 suwarna (926.4 grams) of gold. The text has been translated as follows: â€Å"Long Live! Year of Siyaka 822, month of Waisaka, according to astronomy. The fourth day of the waning moon, Monday. On this occasion, Lady Angkatan, and her brother whose name is Buka, the children of the Honourable Namwaran, were awarded a document of complete pardon from the Commander in Chief of Tundun, represented by the Lord Minister of Pailah, Jayadewa. By this order, through the scribe, the Honourable Namwaran has been forgiven of all and is released from his debts and arrears of 1 katà ® and 8 suwarna before the Honourable Lord Minister of Puliran, Ka Sumuran by the authority of the Lord Minister of Pailah. Because of his faithful service as a subject of the Chief, the Honourable and widely renowned Lord Minister of Binwangan recognized all the living relatives of Namwaran who were claimed by the Chief of Dewata, represented by the Chief of Medang. Yes, therefore the living descendants of the Honourable Namwaran are forgiven, indeed, of any and all debts of the Honourable Namwaran to the Chief of Dewata. This, in any case, shall declare to whomever henceforth that on some future day should there be a man who claims that no release from the debt of the Honourable†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Maitum Anthropomorphic Potteries In 1991, archeologists discovered anthropomorphic secondary burial jars in Ayub Cave, Pià ±ol. Maitum, Sarangani Province, in Mindanao, Philippines. Since this sensational finding, a number of archaeological excavations were conducted to recover these important artifacts. These excavation projects were either government or privately sponsored. These burial jars are made of earthenware and characterized by their design and form that looks like or suggests human figures with complete or partial facial characteristics. These are earthenware potteries with incisions and cut-out foot-rings. These humanlike forms were associated with metal implements like bracelets. Some jars are decorated with glass beads and shell scoop, spoon, and pendants. Among the anthropomorphic vessels are plain non-anthropomorphic burial jars. According to scientists, these secondary burial jars date back to the Metal Age. The artifacts were dated to 830 +/-60 B.P. (by a calibrated date of A.D. 70 to 370) and 1920 +/- 50 B.P. (by a calibrated date of 5 B.C. to 225 A.D.). Scientists determined the age of the jars by doing radiocarbon date tests on the soot samples taken from a small earthenware vessel. This small vessel was found inside one of the larger burial jar. Angono Petroglyphs The Angono Petroglyphs are 127 images carved into a wall of rock, and are estimated to date back to 3,000 BC. They were discovered in 1965 by Carlos â€Å"Botong† Francisco along the boundaries of Angono and Binangonan, Rizal. It is considered thye earliest prehistoric rock drawings. The site is a rock shelter or a shallow cave about 63 meters wide, 8 meters deep and 5 meters at its highest point. One hundred twenty seven human figures scattered on the wall were made by engraving lines using a piece of stone on the surface of the rock shelter. The cuts vary from ten centimeters down to faint lines figures. The figures consist of circular heads, with or without necks set on a rectangular or v-shaped body. The linear arms and legs are usually flexed. Some incisions on the rock wall are triangles, rectangles and circles. Rock art is closely linked with a system of belief of a particular group of people. It is symbolic, not decorative. According to Filipino anthropologist Jesus Peralta, â€Å"The engraved drawings are made without any reference to a baseline, suggesting that these were made during different points in time through a long period.†[ In 1996, the petroglyphs were included in the World Monuments Watch, drawing attention to the rock art’s conservation. Since their discovery, many of the carvings have been eroded, or destroyed by vandalism. Butuan Palaeograph The Butuan Palaeograph, also known as the Butuan Silver Strip is a piece of metal with inscriptions found in Butuan province in mid-1970s by a team of archaeologists from the National Museum. Treasure hunters who were looking for old ceramics and gold ornaments discovered this metal strip inside a wooden coffin. Coffins of the same characteristics, which dated back to the 14th and 15th centuries, were found in the site, however, according to Dr. Jesus Peralta, found inside were human fossils with artificially deformed skulls – a practice limited to Southern Philippines and unpopular in Luzon. Because of the similarities found between the coffins, it is reasonable for the archaeologists to assume that the latter came from that same era. But debates arose regarding the origin of the said artifact, but until now, it is considered to belong to Butuan where it was found. Dr. Boechari of Indonesia, said Peralta, identified the writings as very close to a Javanese script that existed from 12th to 15th century. This yet-to-be-decipher Butuan palaeograph is now in the hands of Proceso Gonzales, the city engineer of Butuan. Calatagan Pot The Calatagan Pot, excavated by treasure hunters in 1961, is considered to be the first pre-Spanish colonization artifact with traces of indigenous writing. Discovered at Calatagan, Batangas, the scripts are oriented in a left-to-right manner around the mouth of the pot which are separated by marks of five or seven symbols. Studies conducted in the Calatagan Pot arrived at a belief that its scripts is a form of Tanaga – a four-versed poetry with no rhyme – or a Mangyan Ambahan – a type of chanted poetry of seven syllables. The Butuan Ivory Seal Shown on the right is an ivory seal from Butuan. The upper representation is how a wax impression from the tool would look like. The lower view shows the face of the ivory seal except that it has been flipped (mirror image) to show the writing in its correct orientation. The combination of the positive impression and the negative but flipped view gives a better idea of what the writing looks like than either one alone. The ivory seal’s provenance is unknown to me. Antoon Postma reports that it was shown to him by Dr. Angel Bautista in 1990 at a conference in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. He says that the seal was in Bautista’s custody but does not know whether it belonged to the National Museum or not. The writing is stylized Kavi, each letter being fitted into an oblong box so that it appears distorted. Postma states that the script is similar to that on the inscription of Puh Serang near Kediri dated 1002. He further indicates that the writing says â€Å"Butban,† which presumably stands for â€Å"Butwan† or â€Å"Butuan† since band w are frequently interchangeable. If this is correct, the three symbols need to transliterate as bu, t-ba, and n. Although I am not very familiar with this specific variation of the script, I find it hard to see the medial form of u in the first symbol and the t-baligature in the second symbol. Balangay . The Balangay is the first wooden watercraft ever excavated in Southeast Asia. Also known as the Butuan boat, this artifact is an evidence of early Philippinecraftsmanship and their early attempts to venture in open waters. The balangay boats were discovered in the late 1970s in Butuan City, Agusan del Norte by archaeologists from the National Museum. There were actually nine balangays recovered in the province. The first balangay, now preserved and displayed in a site museum in Libertad, Butuan City, was radiocarbon tested and was dated at year 320. The second boat was dated to 1250, and is now located at the Maritime Hall of the National Museum in Manila. The third balangay was transferred to the Butuan Regional Museum and is still undergoing preservation. The six other boats, which are yet to be excavated, remain in their original waterlogged condition which is proven to be the best way to preserve the said artifacts. Bronze Socketed Adzes and Moulds Socketed adzes made from bronze are characteristic of the Early Metal Age. Bronze socketed adzes were found in Batu Puti and Uyaw Caves in Palawan; Sanga-Sanga in Tawi-Tawi; and Batangas. These tools were dated from 300 B.C. to 500 B.C. Clay molds for casting these bronze adzes recovered in the caves indicate that the people during that time reused damaged bronze implements for making socketed adzes. The present implement known as wasay (axe) in central Philippines could have come from the bronze socketed adze of the Early Metal Age. Stone and Shell Adzes Prehistoric man used ground and polished stone tools. It is believed that a stone adze shaped like an upper front incisor could be found where lightning hit a tree. Today, these stone implements are associated with thunder and lightning. Locally they are called ngipe’t duldug (thunder tooth), tango han linti (lightning tooth), and dila latik (light-ning tongue). The polished stone adzes that are oval in cross-section were made and used by the people during the Early Neolithic period. Ground stone tools typical of the ‘Quadrangular Adze Culture’ on the other hand, were found in a late Neolithic jar burial site. They are believed to be used for woodworking. These are small, ground and polished adzes of fine grained stones which are rectangular or trapezoidal in cross-section. The stone adzes were found in Arku Cave, in Penablanca, Cagayan; Duyung Cave in Palawan; Dimolit, Isabela; and Candaba, Pampanga.

Business Competition Essay

Abstract   In this paper, I am discussing the relevance of the peaceful humanitarian cocept to the hard environment of business compeition. The paper will elaborate types of competition and how they exist in the global world. The paper also reveals shortly on their roles and benefits in the global world. In the final chapter, the paper discovers that the latest developmet of business practices gave birth to further tendencies toward the peaceful humaitarian concept. The increasing practice of CSR concepts is an indication that the peaceful competition atmosphere is gaining attention within the business world. Business Competition Proposition:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The nature of competition in modern business environment can co-exist with the peaceful humanitarian ideals Introduction Business and competition has always been inseparable activities in life. Furthermore, as activities of business became the most important activities of our lives, we identify our world with competition and competitive acts. In the midst of this hard and competitive world, we often forgot that we do not exist simply to do business; instead, we do business in order to maintain our existence. In the light of this logic, we should be able to comprehend the role of business as one of the facilitators of life and not becoming life itself. Life on the other hand, is depending on how we choose to live. Mother Theresa, one of the most loved humanitarian in the world, often stated that in the midst of all the hub-hubs, people tend to loose their inner peace, in the sense that they forget what they live for or what makes their life valuable. In one of the speech, she stated that this is caused by the tendencies of our environment. Mother Theresa stated that we lost of sense of peace in life because we forget how to care for each other and co-exist in peace. In this paper, I am trying to address the relevance of these humanitarian ideals to the modern business environment. Can there be peace among the competitive nature of the business environment and the peaceful ideals of the humanitarian concept? The paper will display some arguments regarding this topic (‘Competition vs Cooperation’, 2007). Overview   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the short, business understanding, competition is the act of striving against other for dominance or attainment of goals. Today, the term is familiar to us in various fields like politics, sports, business, etc. In this paper however, we are aiming to focus on business competitions rather than other types of competitions. Levels of Competitions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In business competition has slightly different definition than in other respects. It is the independent effort of two or more parties to secure business by offering the most favorable terms and business conditions to the third party. Competition in the world of business can be found right in heart of every business endeavors themselves. Experts identified three types of competition in its relevance to business. The first type is called direct competition. Direct competition is the field where products that has the same functions compete against each other. Business conditions could lead owners and managers to avoid such competition by differentiating product features, or to seek for it by offering the products with similar virtues as others (Kohn, 1986).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The second type of competition in business is called substitute competition. These means products and services that substitute for each other compete. Business competition can also lead managers to create substitution products to take away a part of the market share from their competitors. The third type of competition in business endeavors is called the budget competition. This is the general form of competition in business. It involves competing for consumer’s disposable income. This means that in the business world, any products with any feature are generally in competition with one another.   Different Forms of Competitions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Besides existing in different levels, competition in the business world also exist in different forms. For instance, competition exists whether internally or externally within most companies. Beside the external competition we are accustomed with, there is the internal competition that occurs within companies. Often, managers of the company themselves created the competitive atmosphere inside the corporate structure. Sometimes, this is done by deliberately creating overlapping areas which causes divisions to compete against each other. Furthermore, the leader of the company can also instill competition between different product managers or brand mangers. They can compete in terms of sales or growth of sales of the products or brands under their responsibility (Ryckman, 1994). Business Competition and Its Global Practices In the increasingly global atmosphere of competition, companies are now fighting not only against its neighbor companies, but also companies that headquartered thousands of miles away. The prevalence of communication and information technology has allowed this condition. Companies are creating businesses regardless of national and cultural boundaries. Some countries however, reacted by limiting the competition that might occur within their territories by restricting trade activities to certain levels. Because competition is subject to legal restrictions in most independent countries, it can be legally prohibited using monetary or fiscal tools and also trade barriers (Kohn, 1986).. However, instead of limiting competition between them, countries can compete against each other using competition policies and competition law. The competitions between countries are often varying subtle and hard to detect, however, their presence in the global economy are apparent for business observers. For instance, the United States, Japan, and The European Union are always in fierce but disguised competition to achieve economic supremacy in the global markets (Kohn, 1986). Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Despite the tension and difficulties created by competition, most have understood that competition is a natural part of life. By this, I mean that along with its good and bad effects, the human race will always need competition to survive. This is proven by researches in the biology field, where competition created adaptation and the tendency to constantly improve oneself. In the business world, competition is seen as the pillar of capitalism itself. Competition in the business world stimulates creativity and innovation, supports eficency, lowering prices and enhances product qualities. Competition is also the reason why companies develop new technologies, new products and new services, which provided us better and broader product selection.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, competition is also recognized for its negative effects. It leads to duplicated effort and in some conditions, increased costs. Competition often leads to stressful way of life and destructive behaviors. Psychologically, over-competition will create a highly stressful environment which is horrible for a human soul. Materially, competition could lead to unjust acts of economic endeavors. Frauds and similar activities ruin the image of business as they are finally revealed to the society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nevertheless, I personally believe that even the harsh competitive world of business has its compatibility with ideals of humectation concepts. For instance, recent development indicated the prevalence of the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) demands and initiatives. People are starting to realize that companies are also parts of the society which contains the obligations to co-exist in harmony within its environment. Companies are now demanded that they take full responsibility for their actions in consideration of the economic, social and environmental issues. Ethical concerns and competition laws are gaining people’s attention in evaluating corporate performance. Companies are actually loosing customers for their bad social values (Leef, 1996).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Observing the latest development in the world of business, we can conclude that the humanitarian principles have taken their place in business activities. People in general have started to develop the sense that business endeavors should not be above the values of life. In a sense, the practice of business must now take account of social values and environmental concerns. Although we haven’t seen such a development that would allow Mother Theresa’s philosophy of peace to be the guiding light for global business practices, but the direction of today’s development indicated that the scenario of a peaceful competition atmosphere as suggested by Mother Theresa is gaining supporters. References Kohn, Alfie. 1986. ‘No Contest – The Case Against Competition’. Boston New York London: Houghton Mifflin Co. Ryckman, R. M., Thornton, B., Butler, J. C. 1994. ‘Personality correlates of the hypercompetitive attitude scale: Validity tests of Horney’s theory of neurosis’. Journal of Personality Assessment, 62, 84-94 ‘Competition vs Cooperation’. 2007. Retrieved February 26, 2007 from http://www.huppi.com/kangaroo/L-spectrumfive.htm Leef, George C. 1996. ‘The Virtues of Competition’. Retrieved February 26, 2007 from   http://www.libertyhaven.com/theoreticalorphilosophicalissues/ethics/virtucomp.html      

Interlanguage and the Error analysis Essays

Interlanguage and the Error analysis Essays Interlanguage and the Error analysis Essay Interlanguage and the Error analysis Essay The learners developing second language knowledge. It may have characteristics of the learners native language, characteristics of the second language, and some characteristics which seem to be very general and tend to occur in all or most interlanguage systems. Interlanguages are systematic, but they are also dynamic, continually evolving as learners receive more input and revise their hypotheses about the second language. L2 learners process through an interlanguage, which is an independent knowledge of L1 and L2 system. Interlanguage is systematic, because the learner selects the rules systematically, learners bases plans on the rule system, in the same way as the native speaker bases on the internalized knowledge of L1 system. Interlanguage is dynamic; learners interlanguage is constantly changing. The learner revises the interim system to accommodate new hypotheses about L2 system. (First introduction the new rule in one context and than another, and so on) The term interlanguage was first issued by Selinker (1972) Interlanguage refers to the structured system which learner constructs at any given stage in the development. Interlanguage refers to the series of interlocking system which form the learners built-in syllabus Corder L2 learner progress along the interlanguage continuum in the same way as it was in L1. Both L1 and L2 learners make errors in order to test out certain hypothesis about the nature of the language they are learning. The 5 principle together constitute the way in which the learner tries to internalize the L2 system. Learners have limited space for processing, cannot cope with the complex language system. Some L2 learners fail to reach the target language, because they do not reach the end of the interlanguage continuum, stop learning, when their interlanguage contains some rules different from the rules of the target language. This is called fossilization. Fossilization occurs in most language learners. Fossilized structure can be realized as errors or as correct target language forms. If the learner has reached the stage of development, in which 1 feature in the interlanguage has assumed the same form in the target language, than fossilization of the correct form will occur. If the learner has reached the stage of development in which the feature does not have the same form as the target language, the fossilization will occur as an error. In that case the fossilization occur, because the learner believes that he does not need to develop his interlanguage any further, in order to communicate effectively. We know from Chomsky, that children acquire languages, because of the existence of the childs acquisition device, which changes with age and its not possible after puberty. The question: How do adults succeed in learning L2, if the acquisition device is not possible for them any more? As Selinker argued that those adults, who successfully achieve native-speaker proficiency in the TL, do so, because they continue to make use of acquisition device and they are able to transform the universal grammar into the structure of the grammar of the target language. But those adults who cannot achieve proficiency is because, they are unable to reactivate the acquisition device. Until 1960, the prevention of errors was more important, than the identification of errors. It was Corder, who first realised the importance of analysing the learners errors (1967). As I said before, both L1L2 learners make errors in order to test out certain hypothesis about the nature of the language, they are learning. Corder saw the making of errors as a strategy, evidence of learners internal processing. This was in opposition of the view of behaviourist psychology, presented in the Contrastive Analysis before. Because Contrastive analysis believed that errors produced by the L2 learner, result from the interference of L1,Contrastive analysis was based on the comparison of L1 and L2, and teacher were aware of the errors. The new interest in errors was the recognition that they provide information about the process of acquisition.

!9th Century Europe and Rizal

Rizal and The 19th Century Europe The 19th Century Europe gave rise to different spectacular developments around the world. It was at this period in history when nationalism grew to every abused heart especially the Frenches which gave rise to French revolution. It was at this juncture that Spain had political instability which paved way to the freedom of some of its colonies. The Enlightentment Period has truly enlightened the thoughts of people for this century gave birth to the new direction of thought.Traditional mentality was said to be its first reaction, followed by the advancement of science. Another spectacular development in this era was the dispersion of brilliant thoughts from influential philosophers which made a path for freedom from traditionalism to different countries such as France and USA. True enough, this century is the century of revolution and the Enlightentment Period which served the background of thoughts in the mind of our national hero, Rizal. Rizal as a dedicated citizen who had great hopes to gain independence to our country observed Europe and its whole events including the revolutions inside and outside the continent and its advancement. As an exceptional thinker, Rizal took the opportunity to learn and to understand the conspiracies around him and his observations made him visualize the desire of the oppressed people which he related it to his aggrieved countrymen.He witnessed the cruelties in the 19th Century Europe and saw the hearts of the people on fire. Through these, he valued freedom of thought, equality of men, he inherited nationalism. This period really made tremendous effects to Rizal and to his works such as his famous novels and the Propaganda movement which latter granted our motherland the freedom and independence after his death. Truly, 19th Century Europe served his mind right and he was able to inherit the spirit of this age.

To what extent might Globalization be seen as disadvantageous to the Essay

To what extent might Globalization be seen as disadvantageous to the world in which we live - Essay Example There are several severe disadvantages as well and they include: The first disadvantage that talks about flow of manpower from developing countries to the developed countries is a phenomenon that many developed countries have witnessed. Countries like US, UK, France, Germany, and other developed countries have witnessed a flurry of demands of visas from people from developing countries who want to immigrate to them for better opportunities and lifestyle. Now, this puts pressure on the employment levels and many people might lose their jobs. This specifically applies to the economic situation prevailing now as the unemployment is ruling through the roof and is in vicinity of 10 percent in the US. Another problem is that of the drop in wages and salaries that people in developed countries might have to witness as a consequence of cheap labor entering into their countries. Another big disadvantage of Globalization is the something that the world is witnessing these days. This will be best explained in one of the points to follow. There is a sharp drop in growth of countries with a drop in growth of the Unites States. Also, the countries are facing a sharp liquidity crisis because of the subprime crisis of the US.The subprime crisis started with the subprime lenders lending at higher rates than usual to the borrowers with bad economic history and lesser ability to pay back. The subprime lending functions on the principle of no collateral and higher interests. There debt instruments are then traded and are passed on to other banks or institutions which are ready to take them for the higher interest they get out of them. Effects of the crisis on the US and World Economies and Recent Shutdowns Due to the passing on of the debt instruments some prominent hedge funds have failed to declare their current asset values. The problem has led to a total crunch of liquidity in the US. The markets witnessed BNP Paribas announce that it had frozen 3 of its hedge funds due to evaporation of liquidity, totaling around 1.6 billion pounds. The reason was that, it was not possible for the bank to value units of the funds due to the affect of the US subprime market on them. The funds contained the bundles of subprime loans, the demand for which have fallen drastically over the last few months. Banks around Europe feared a total liquidity crunch as they feared that they might run out of cash to sustain day to day lending. ECB went to the extent of injecting 155 billion pounds to ease the system of. Investors around the world started backing off